| Stations: |
Precipitation |
| Zumarraga (420 m, Spain) |
9.0 mm |
| Zumaia (28 m, Spain) |
13.9 mm |
| Zosēni (189 m, Latvia) |
0.1 mm |
| Zonguldak (137 m, Turkey) |
1.0 mm |
| Zlatibor (1029 m, Serbia) |
0.1 mm |
| Zilina Hricov (311 m, Slovakia) |
0.3 mm |
| Zielona Góra (191 m, Poland) |
0.1 mm |
| Zhukovka (177 m, Russia) |
3.0 mm |
| Zenica (348 m, Bosnia and Herzegovina) |
0.2 mm |
| ZavodskiyKhutor (201 m, Russia) |
13.0 mm |
| Zamora (667 m, Spain) |
10.0 mm |
| Zamość (213 m, Poland) |
0.5 mm |
| Zalău (296 m, Romania) |
0.4 mm |
| Zakopane (857 m, Poland) |
0.9 mm |
| Záhony (104 m, Hungary) |
4.0 mm |
| Yzberish (97 m, Albania) |
8.0 mm |
| Yozgat (1298 m, Turkey) |
3.0 mm |
| Ylivieska Airport (76 m, Finland) |
1.0 mm |
| Ylistaro (26 m, Finland) |
0.7 mm |
| Yefimovsky (176 m, Russia) |
7.0 mm |
| Yecla (640 m, Spain) |
2.0 mm |
| YamskayaSloboda (63 m, Russia) |
9.0 mm |
| Yalova Airport (4 m, Turkey) |
8.0 mm |
| Xinzo de Limia (616 m, Spain) |
26.0 mm |
| Vyborg (13 m, Russia) |
9.0 mm |
| Vyazma (251 m, Russia) |
6.6 mm |
| Vitebsk (208 m, Belarus) |
2.0 mm |
| Wittering (84 m, UK) |
0.2 mm |
| Windischgarsten (598 m, Austria) |
0.4 mm |
| Vienna-Unterlaa (199 m, Austria) |
0.7 mm |
| Vienna / Hohe Warte (200 m, Austria) |
2.0 mm |
| Vienna (171 m, Austria) |
1.0 mm |
| Wieluń (201 m, Poland) |
2.0 mm |
| Vidin (31 m, Bulgaria) |
0.2 mm |
| Weybourne (20 m, UK) |
0.2 mm |
| Verkhnyadzvinsk (132 m, Belarus) |
1.0 mm |
| Velizh (166 m, Russia) |
2.0 mm |
| Velikiye Luki (106 m, Russia) |
1.0 mm |
| Wattisham Airport (89 m, UK) |
4.0 mm |
| Warsaw - Okecie (106 m, Poland) |
0.6 mm |
| Varna (43 m, Bulgaria) |
9.0 mm |
| Valuyki (112 m, Russia) |
18.0 mm |
| Valaam (16 m, Russia) |
9.0 mm |
| Wainfleet All Saints (5 m, UK) |
0.2 mm |
| Würzburg (268 m, Germany) |
0.5 mm |
| Włodawa (179 m, Poland) |
0.3 mm |
| Vranje (434 m, Serbia) |
2.0 mm |
| Voss (122 m, Norway) |
0.5 mm |
| Vlorë (10 m, Albania) |
24.0 mm |
| Vladeasa Mountain (1837 m, Romania) |
9.0 mm |
| Vitoria-Gasteiz (510 m, Spain) |
7.0 mm |
| Vitigudino (769 m, Spain) |
13.0 mm |
| Viterbo (308 m, Italy) |
6.0 mm |
| Viso del Marqués (778 m, Spain) |
8.5 mm |
| Visingsö (95 m, Sweden) |
0.3 mm |
| Viseu Airport (644 m, Portugal) |
44.0 mm |
| Virtaniemi (101 m, Russia) |
14.0 mm |
| Virolahti (6 m, Finland) |
2.0 mm |
| Vinnitsy-Kalekhovskaya (111 m, Russia) |
9.0 mm |
| Vilsandi (7 m, Estonia) |
0.9 mm |
| Vilnius Airport (156 m, Lithuania) |
0.4 mm |
| Villardeciervos (850 m, Spain) |
24.0 mm |
| Villanueva de Córdoba (750 m, Spain) |
15.4 mm |
| Viljandi (87 m, Estonia) |
0.3 mm |
| Vilafranca (130 m, Spain) |
1.2 mm |
| Vila Real Airport (550 m, Portugal) |
28.0 mm |
| Viitasaari (132 m, Finland) |
6.0 mm |
| Vigo/Peinador (255 m, Spain) |
37.0 mm |
| Vigna Di Valle (266 m, Italy) |
4.0 mm |
| Vieste (5 m, Italy) |
3.0 mm |
| Vierema Kaarakkala (207 m, Finland) |
2.0 mm |
| Vidsel (182 m, Sweden) |
1.2 mm |
| Videle (107 m, Romania) |
1.0 mm |
| Vicosoprano (1089 m, Switzerland) |
0.1 mm |
| Viana do Castelo (48 m, Portugal) |
7.5 mm |
| Vevey (405 m, Switzerland) |
0.3 mm |
| Vest-torpa Ii (542 m, Norway) |
0.1 mm |
| Vesanto (127 m, Finland) |
5.0 mm |
| Ventspils (3 m, Latvia) |
0.2 mm |
| Vejer de la Frontera (186 m, Spain) |
0.3 mm |
| Vastmarkum (143 m, Sweden) |
0.3 mm |
| Vasilievichy (139 m, Belarus) |
1.0 mm |
| Varėna (111 m, Lithuania) |
1.3 mm |
| Vanhakaupunki (25 m, Finland) |
9.0 mm |
| Van (1662 m, Turkey) |
0.2 mm |
| Valtimo (115 m, Finland) |
4.0 mm |
| Vals (1242 m, Switzerland) |
0.2 mm |
| Valley (10 m, UK) |
0.2 mm |
| Valladolid Airport (846 m, Spain) |
5.0 mm |
| Valladolid (735 m, Spain) |
8.0 mm |
| Valjevo (177 m, Serbia) |
0.1 mm |
| Valga (66 m, Estonia) |
1.2 mm |
| Valea Râmnicului (154 m, Romania) |
4.3 mm |
| Valdepeñas (700 m, Spain) |
7.0 mm |
| Vaasa Klemettila (7 m, Finland) |
2.0 mm |
| Vaala Pelso (115 m, Finland) |
2.0 mm |
| Väike-Maarja Parish (123 m, Estonia) |
0.7 mm |
| Václav Havel Airport Prague (365 m, Czech Republic) |
1.0 mm |
| Utsira (56 m, Norway) |
0.7 mm |
| Utiel (761 m, Spain) |
10.0 mm |
| Utena (106 m, Lithuania) |
1.0 mm |
| Utö (7 m, Finland) |
3.0 mm |
| Ustka (11 m, Poland) |
0.3 mm |
| Urziceni (61 m, Romania) |
0.8 mm |
| Uppsala (21 m, Sweden) |
9.0 mm |
| Uppsala University (13 m, Sweden) |
1.4 mm |
| Umirea (40 m, Romania) |
2.0 mm |
| Ullensvang Forsoks. (12 m, Norway) |
2.0 mm |
| Ukmergė (73 m, Lithuania) |
1.6 mm |
| Uşak Airport (874 m, Turkey) |
3.6 mm |
| Tver (146 m, Russia) |
9.6 mm |
| Turnu Măgurele (0 m, Romania) |
6.0 mm |
| Turku Artukainen (8 m, Finland) |
3.5 mm |
| Tunis/Carthage AP (4 m, Tunisia) |
0.4 mm |
| Tunceli (981 m, Turkey) |
10.0 mm |
| Tulga Meydan (931 m, Turkey) |
5.0 mm |
| Tulcea (5 m, Romania) |
2.0 mm |
| Tula (203 m, Russia) |
17.0 mm |
| Chornomorske (10 m, Ukraine) |
2.8 mm |
| Trubchevsk (178 m, Russia) |
4.0 mm |
| Tripoli Airport (652 m, Greece) |
2.0 mm |
| Trapani (14 m, Italy) |
2.8 mm |
| Toulouse/Blagnac (154 m, France) |
8.0 mm |
| Tortosa (50 m, Spain) |
2.0 mm |
| Torpshammar (100 m, Sweden) |
0.6 mm |
| Toropets (187 m, Russia) |
2.0 mm |
| Torla-Ordesa (1905 m, Spain) |
48.0 mm |
| Topol pri Medvodah (685 m, Slovenia) |
2.0 mm |
| Toplița (688 m, Romania) |
0.9 mm |
| Tomelloso (662 m, Spain) |
17.6 mm |
| Toledo (516 m, Spain) |
7.0 mm |
| Tokat (608 m, Turkey) |
6.0 mm |
| Toholampi (85 m, Finland) |
1.0 mm |
| Tohmajärvi (90 m, Finland) |
6.0 mm |
| Tjakaape (583 m, Sweden) |
2.1 mm |
| Titu (160 m, Romania) |
0.3 mm |
| Tisinec (217 m, Slovakia) |
5.0 mm |
| Tiree Island (12 m, UK) |
11.0 mm |
| Tiraspol (40 m, Moldova) |
5.0 mm |
| Timişoara (88 m, Romania) |
0.6 mm |
| Tikhvin (61 m, Russia) |
5.0 mm |
| Tibenham Airport (10 m, UK) |
2.0 mm |
| Thamshavn (4 m, Norway) |
0.3 mm |
| Telgárt (906 m, Slovakia) |
2.0 mm |
| Telšiai (152 m, Lithuania) |
5.2 mm |
| Tekirdağ (3 m, Turkey) |
3.0 mm |
| Tartu (68 m, Estonia) |
4.5 mm |
| Tarnów (209 m, Poland) |
2.5 mm |
| Tarifa (37 m, Spain) |
0.6 mm |
| Tarbes/Ossun (364 m, France) |
12.0 mm |
| Tapiola (7 m, Finland) |
9.0 mm |
| Tampere (85 m, Finland) |
4.0 mm |
| Tallinn (34 m, Estonia) |
10.0 mm |
| Talavera de la Reina (372 m, Spain) |
24.0 mm |
| Talar (800 m, Spain) |
20.0 mm |
| Taivalkoski (203 m, Finland) |
0.3 mm |
| Türi (65 m, Estonia) |
4.4 mm |
| Tännäs (724 m, Sweden) |
0.3 mm |
| Târnăveni (524 m, Romania) |
0.3 mm |
| Târgu Mureş (294 m, Romania) |
0.5 mm |
| Târgu Lăpuş (365 m, Romania) |
1.5 mm |
| Svratouch (740 m, Czech Republic) |
7.1 mm |
| Svenska Högarna (14 m, Sweden) |
1.0 mm |
| Sveg (359 m, Sweden) |
0.3 mm |
| Svanberga (16 m, Sweden) |
7.0 mm |
| Suwałki (186 m, Poland) |
3.8 mm |
| Suomussalmi Pesio (225 m, Finland) |
1.0 mm |
| Suoyarvi (156 m, Russia) |
6.0 mm |
| Sulina (9 m, Romania) |
3.0 mm |
| Suleyman Demirel (864 m, Turkey) |
0.4 mm |
| Sulejów (189 m, Poland) |
1.0 mm |
| Sukhinichi (238 m, Russia) |
5.8 mm |
| Stornoway (15 m, UK) |
6.0 mm |
| Storlien (585 m, Sweden) |
0.7 mm |
| Stora Spansberget (493 m, Sweden) |
1.2 mm |
| Stockerau (202 m, Austria) |
0.1 mm |
| Staritsa (186 m, Russia) |
6.0 mm |
| Staraya Russa (25 m, Russia) |
6.2 mm |
| Stana De Vale (1109 m, Romania) |
19.0 mm |
| St. Wolfgang (537 m, Austria) |
0.3 mm |
| St James's Park (5 m, UK) |
1.0 mm |
| St Etienne/Boutheon (402 m, France) |
3.0 mm |
| St. Catherine's Point (24 m, UK) |
0.4 mm |
| Sremska Mitrovica (83 m, Serbia) |
0.2 mm |
| Spas-Demensk (238 m, Russia) |
5.3 mm |
| South Uist Range (4 m, UK) |
5.6 mm |
| Sotkamo (163 m, Finland) |
2.0 mm |
| Sos del Rey Católico (626 m, Spain) |
18.2 mm |
| Sortavala (19 m, Russia) |
5.0 mm |
| Soria (1082 m, Spain) |
13.0 mm |
| Somosierra (450 m, Spain) |
14.0 mm |
| Somero Salkola (143 m, Finland) |
3.8 mm |
| Soller (5 m, Spain) |
0.2 mm |
| Solenzara (22 m, France) |
5.0 mm |
| Sofia (595 m, Bulgaria) |
6.1 mm |
| Smolensk (239 m, Russia) |
3.0 mm |
| Smederevska Palanka (122 m, Serbia) |
0.3 mm |
| Slobozia (52 m, Romania) |
1.0 mm |
| Sliven (257 m, Bulgaria) |
4.0 mm |
| Slawharad (169 m, Belarus) |
1.0 mm |
| Skyros Airport (28 m, Greece) |
0.2 mm |
| Skulte (9 m, Latvia) |
0.5 mm |
| Skrīveri (81 m, Latvia) |
0.1 mm |
| Skillinge (5 m, Sweden) |
0.1 mm |
| Skamdal (5 m, Norway) |
0.2 mm |
| Skagsudde (11 m, Sweden) |
0.5 mm |
| Skåbu (928 m, Norway) |
0.2 mm |
| Sjaelsmark (41 m, Denmark) |
0.1 mm |
| Siversky (90 m, Russia) |
8.9 mm |
| Sion Airport (481 m, Switzerland) |
0.1 mm |
| Sisimiut Airport (8 m, Greenland) |
70.0 mm |
| Sinop (Kap) (32 m, Turkey) |
2.0 mm |
| Sines/Montes Chaos (98 m, Portugal) |
3.8 mm |
| Sinaia (1500m) (1511 m, Romania) |
2.4 mm |
| Simferopol Airport (187 m, Ukraine) |
1.0 mm |
| Silifke (15 m, Turkey) |
1.0 mm |
| Sighetu Marmației (276 m, Romania) |
1.2 mm |
| Sigüenza (5 m, Spain) |
11.2 mm |
| Siedlce (155 m, Poland) |
0.1 mm |
| Shoeburyness (3 m, UK) |
0.2 mm |
| Shkodër (10 m, Albania) |
2.0 mm |
| Shirki (148 m, Russia) |
4.0 mm |
| Sherkin (21 m, Ireland) |
10.3 mm |
| Sfântu Gheorghe (2 m, Romania) |
3.0 mm |
| Seville (31 m, Spain) |
6.0 mm |
| Serres (35 m, Greece) |
2.0 mm |
| Semionovca (173 m, Moldova) |
6.0 mm |
| Semenicului Mountain Range (1433 m, Romania) |
3.0 mm |
| Segovia (1006 m, Spain) |
10.0 mm |
| Segezha (112 m, Russia) |
4.0 mm |
| Sněžka (1613 m, Poland) |
8.0 mm |
| Sněžka (820 m, Czech Republic) |
4.0 mm |
| Zhlobin (141 m, Belarus) |
0.7 mm |
| Shlisselburg (16 m, Russia) |
14.0 mm |
| Sazan (340 m, Albania) |
5.0 mm |
| Sauda (6 m, Norway) |
4.0 mm |
| Satu Mare (124 m, Romania) |
1.0 mm |
| Satenas (54 m, Sweden) |
0.2 mm |
| Sarandë (75 m, Albania) |
3.0 mm |
| Zaragoza (258 m, Spain) |
0.8 mm |
| Santiago (367 m, Spain) |
48.0 mm |
| Santiago de Compostela (240 m, Spain) |
50.0 mm |
| Santander / Parayas (1 m, Spain) |
11.2 mm |
| Santander (59 m, Spain) |
11.0 mm |
| Santa Maria di Leuca (112 m, Italy) |
0.6 mm |
| Sankt Michael im Lungau (1052 m, Austria) |
0.6 mm |
| Sandomierz (218 m, Poland) |
5.0 mm |
| Sandanski (207 m, Bulgaria) |
0.8 mm |
| San Vicente (40 m, Spain) |
10.5 mm |
| San Sebastian / Igueldo (259 m, Spain) |
16.0 mm |
| San Sebastian / Fuenterrabia (8 m, Spain) |
19.0 mm |
| San Pablo de los Montes (917 m, Spain) |
58.0 mm |
| San Giovanni Teatino (181 m, Italy) |
1.0 mm |
| San Fernando (29 m, Spain) |
0.1 mm |
| San Clemente (728 m, Spain) |
1.1 mm |
| Samsun (0 m, Turkey) |
0.3 mm |
| Salzburg Airport (430 m, Austria) |
0.4 mm |
| Salzburg / Freisaal (423 m, Austria) |
0.6 mm |
| Salon-de-Provence (60 m, France) |
1.0 mm |
| Salo (3 m, Finland) |
7.0 mm |
| Salina (47 m, Italy) |
8.6 mm |
| Salamanca (794 m, Spain) |
5.0 mm |
| Salamanca (787 m, Spain) |
8.0 mm |
| Saint-Sauveur (32 m, France) |
0.2 mm |
| Saint-Girons (412 m, France) |
7.0 mm |
| Saerheim (87 m, Norway) |
0.1 mm |
| Saelices el Chico (680 m, Spain) |
34.0 mm |
| SERRALTA DI S. VITO (998 m, Italy) |
4.6 mm |
| SANTA ELENA (770 m, Spain) |
43.0 mm |
| SA POBLA SA CANOVA (40 m, Spain) |
1.6 mm |
| Sõrve peninsula (4 m, Estonia) |
1.4 mm |
| Sète (80 m, France) |
3.0 mm |
| Słubice (24 m, Poland) |
0.2 mm |
| Sărmaşu (400 m, Romania) |
0.9 mm |
| Săcueni (112 m, Romania) |
1.0 mm |
| Rzeszów (201 m, Poland) |
4.0 mm |
| Ruukki (48 m, Finland) |
1.0 mm |
| Russarö (11 m, Finland) |
8.0 mm |
| Ruhnu (3 m, Estonia) |
1.5 mm |
| Rucava (19 m, Latvia) |
0.1 mm |
| Roth (385 m, Germany) |
0.2 mm |
| Roslavl (224 m, Russia) |
5.0 mm |
| Ronneby (58 m, Sweden) |
0.1 mm |
| Roman (217 m, Romania) |
3.2 mm |
| Fiumicino Airport (3 m, Italy) |
0.2 mm |
| Roldalsfjellet (1010 m, Norway) |
2.0 mm |
| Rodez- Aveyron Airport (580 m, France) |
22.0 mm |
| Roches Point (41 m, Ireland) |
0.1 mm |
| Robledo de Chavela (790 m, Spain) |
13.0 mm |
| Roşiorii de Vede (103 m, Romania) |
0.3 mm |
| Roşia Montană (1197 m, Romania) |
4.0 mm |
| Rize (9 m, Turkey) |
0.2 mm |
| Ritsem (533 m, Sweden) |
0.2 mm |
| Ripoll (671 m, Spain) |
5.0 mm |
| Rimini (13 m, Italy) |
0.2 mm |
| Riga Airport (26 m, Latvia) |
0.2 mm |
| Reus (76 m, Spain) |
7.0 mm |
| Retitis-Calimani (2021 m, Romania) |
3.0 mm |
| Resko (53 m, Poland) |
0.2 mm |
| Reboly (182 m, Russia) |
2.0 mm |
| Rena-Haugedalen (238 m, Norway) |
0.9 mm |
| Reggio Calabria (21 m, Italy) |
1.0 mm |
| Reşița (281 m, Romania) |
0.9 mm |
| Rautavaara Yla-luosta (167 m, Finland) |
7.0 mm |
| Raufarhöfn (8 m, Iceland) |
0.2 mm |
| Ratece/Planica (865 m, Slovenia) |
22.0 mm |
| Razgrad (347 m, Bulgaria) |
1.0 mm |
| Raseiniai (111 m, Lithuania) |
4.0 mm |
| Ranshofen (390 m, Austria) |
0.1 mm |
| Rajamäki (86 m, Finland) |
13.0 mm |
| Raf Mona (62 m, UK) |
0.2 mm |
| Racibórz (206 m, Poland) |
3.0 mm |
| RNAS Culdrose (84 m, UK) |
0.2 mm |
| Holbeach Air Weapons Range (2 m, UK) |
0.2 mm |
| Rödkallen (2 m, Sweden) |
1.0 mm |
| Røst Airport (4 m, Norway) |
0.5 mm |
| Røros Airport (630 m, Norway) |
0.2 mm |
| Pyhajarvi Ol Ojakyla (153 m, Finland) |
2.0 mm |
| Pyalitsa (9 m, Russia) |
0.8 mm |
| Puumala (98 m, Finland) |
6.0 mm |
| Puskinskie Gory (108 m, Russia) |
1.5 mm |
| Puolanka Paljakka (341 m, Finland) |
2.0 mm |
| Punkaharju Airport (83 m, Finland) |
7.0 mm |
| Pulkovo Airport (6 m, Russia) |
15.0 mm |
| Puerto de san Isidro (1510 m, Spain) |
0.2 mm |
| Puerto Leitariegos (1530 m, Spain) |
28.0 mm |
| Puebla de Don Rodrigo (485 m, Spain) |
0.4 mm |
| Pudozh (44 m, Russia) |
9.5 mm |
| Pudasjärvi (123 m, Finland) |
0.1 mm |
| Pskov (47 m, Russia) |
0.8 mm |
| Przemyśl (280 m, Poland) |
2.0 mm |
| Prostějov (217 m, Czech Republic) |
0.1 mm |
| Proletarskiy (226 m, Russia) |
9.0 mm |
| Prievidza (261 m, Slovakia) |
0.8 mm |
| Priekuļi (123 m, Latvia) |
0.1 mm |
| Preveza (4 m, Greece) |
12.0 mm |
| Presnogor'kovka (158 m, Belarus) |
2.0 mm |
| Predeal (1091 m, Romania) |
2.0 mm |
| Prešov (324 m, Slovakia) |
0.3 mm |
| Präbichl (1214 m, Austria) |
1.0 mm |
| Poysdorf (194 m, Austria) |
0.1 mm |
| Potsdam (81 m, Germany) |
0.1 mm |
| Pochinok (201 m, Russia) |
4.0 mm |
| Porvoo (22 m, Finland) |
16.0 mm |
| Porto/Pedras Rubras (69 m, Portugal) |
10.2 mm |
| Portalegre (597 m, Portugal) |
51.0 mm |
| Port-Vendres/Cap Bear (86 m, France) |
2.2 mm |
| Pori (9 m, Finland) |
5.0 mm |
| Poprad (696 m, Slovakia) |
0.4 mm |
| Ponza (185 m, Italy) |
10.0 mm |
| Ponyri (251 m, Russia) |
15.0 mm |
| Pontevedra (108 m, Spain) |
25.0 mm |
| Ponferrada (544 m, Spain) |
35.0 mm |
| Polovragi (532 m, Romania) |
0.2 mm |
| Polom (747 m, Czech Republic) |
5.2 mm |
| Polientes (720 m, Spain) |
10.0 mm |
| Polotsk (132 m, Belarus) |
0.1 mm |
| Poiana Stampei (924 m, Romania) |
2.0 mm |
| Podgorica (33 m, Montenegro) |
2.0 mm |
| Podgorica (50 m, Montenegro) |
1.0 mm |
| Plymouth MtBatten (50 m, UK) |
0.2 mm |
| Ploieşti (178 m, Romania) |
1.0 mm |
| Pljevlja (788 m, Montenegro) |
0.4 mm |
| Plasencia (415 m, Spain) |
31.0 mm |
| Pisa (6 m, Italy) |
3.2 mm |
| Pinsk (142 m, Belarus) |
0.2 mm |
| Piikkiö (6 m, Finland) |
2.9 mm |
| Pico Airport (10 m, Portugal) |
4.4 mm |
| Piła (73 m, Poland) |
0.1 mm |
| Phare de Chassiron (22 m, France) |
12.0 mm |
| Petrozavodsk (110 m, Russia) |
6.0 mm |
| Petrila (1549 m, Romania) |
0.6 mm |
| Petistrask (258 m, Sweden) |
0.5 mm |
| Peshkopi (653 m, Albania) |
1.0 mm |
| Pescara (11 m, Italy) |
1.0 mm |
| Perpignan/Rivesalte (47 m, France) |
2.6 mm |
| Penteleu (1633 m, Romania) |
1.0 mm |
| Penhas Douradas (1380 m, Portugal) |
107.0 mm |
| Pellonpää (10 m, Finland) |
0.6 mm |
| Pau Pyrénées Airport (183 m, France) |
13.0 mm |
| Pashkovo (231 m, Russia) |
13.0 mm |
North - South