| Stations: |
Precipitation |
| Narva (30 m, Estonia) |
0.5 mm |
| Boltenhagen (15 m, Germany) |
0.2 mm |
| Kirkjubæjarklaustur (38 m, Iceland) |
0.7 mm |
| Aalborg (3 m, Denmark) |
0.2 mm |
| Dörnick (26 m, Germany) |
0.3 mm |
| Capdepera (66 m, Spain) |
0.4 mm |
| Karup (53 m, Denmark) |
0.1 mm |
| Hellissandur longwave radio mast (7 m, Iceland) |
3.1 mm |
| Aarhus/Tirstrup (23 m, Denmark) |
0.3 mm |
| Reykjavík (53 m, Iceland) |
1.6 mm |
| Bolungarvík (24 m, Iceland) |
3.2 mm |
| Kunda (Port) (3 m, Estonia) |
1.1 mm |
| Feldberg (115 m, Germany) |
0.1 mm |
| Copenhagen Airport (5 m, Denmark) |
0.2 mm |
| Raufarhöfn (8 m, Iceland) |
4.5 mm |
| Apatity (134 m, Russia) |
3.4 mm |
| Arjeplog (432 m, Sweden) |
2.1 mm |
| Arkazha (24 m, Russia) |
4.0 mm |
| Glenanne (160 m, UK) |
3.2 mm |
| Arosa (1878 m, Switzerland) |
0.5 mm |
| Årslev (51 m, Denmark) |
0.5 mm |
| Artvin (628 m, Turkey) |
0.6 mm |
| Arvidsjaur (384 m, Sweden) |
1.1 mm |
| Ås (89 m, Norway) |
3.6 mm |
| Åsele (308 m, Sweden) |
0.6 mm |
| Askov (62 m, Denmark) |
0.5 mm |
| Aurskog (128 m, Norway) |
0.9 mm |
| Aviemore (228 m, UK) |
5.0 mm |
| Axstal (93 m, Sweden) |
0.1 mm |
| Prestwick (27 m, UK) |
4.0 mm |
| Bala (163 m, UK) |
1.8 mm |
| Ballypatrick Fst (156 m, UK) |
2.0 mm |
| Ballyhaise (79 m, Ireland) |
1.0 mm |
| Portglenone (65 m, UK) |
1.0 mm |
| Finner Camp (35 m, Ireland) |
3.6 mm |
| Banja Luka (156 m, Bosnia and Herzegovina) |
0.1 mm |
| Bardufoss (77 m, Norway) |
8.8 mm |
| Bear Island (16 m, Norway) |
12.0 mm |
| Bari/Palese Macchie (49 m, Italy) |
0.6 mm |
| Bari (12 m, Italy) |
0.6 mm |
| RM Chivenor (6 m, UK) |
1.2 mm |
| Walney (14 m, UK) |
1.2 mm |
| Barysaw (188 m, Belarus) |
1.8 mm |
| Belmullet (10 m, Ireland) |
5.7 mm |
| Beitostølen (965 m, Norway) |
2.0 mm |
| Belgrade (132 m, Serbia) |
0.1 mm |
| Belorado (820 m, Spain) |
0.1 mm |
| Bely (0 m, Russia) |
6.3 mm |
| Bergen (36 m, Norway) |
59.1 mm |
| Bergen Airport (50 m, Norway) |
39.0 mm |
| Białystok (151 m, Poland) |
0.6 mm |
| Biarritz/Anglet (71 m, France) |
0.2 mm |
| Billund Airport (80 m, Denmark) |
0.5 mm |
| Biržai (62 m, Lithuania) |
2.0 mm |
| Biscarrosse (39 m, France) |
0.2 mm |
| Bivio (1856 m, Switzerland) |
0.2 mm |
| Bjelašnica (2070 m, Bosnia and Herzegovina) |
0.6 mm |
| Bjorli (579 m, Norway) |
4.0 mm |
| Bjornholt (360 m, Norway) |
0.8 mm |
| Bjuroklubb (43 m, Sweden) |
2.3 mm |
| Blackpool Airport (10 m, UK) |
0.4 mm |
| Blatten (1542 m, Switzerland) |
0.3 mm |
| Blomskog (171 m, Sweden) |
2.6 mm |
| Boden Army Air Base (27 m, Sweden) |
1.4 mm |
| Cardinham (199 m, UK) |
1.8 mm |
| Bodø (13 m, Norway) |
9.5 mm |
| Bogoroditskoe-fenino (226 m, Russia) |
8.4 mm |
| Bo I Vesteralen (7 m, Norway) |
11.1 mm |
| Bologoye (188 m, Russia) |
5.2 mm |
| Borovichi (89 m, Russia) |
6.6 mm |
| Bortnan (467 m, Sweden) |
1.1 mm |
| Brata-slettom (664 m, Norway) |
14.6 mm |
| Bremerhaven (7 m, Germany) |
0.1 mm |
| Bremervörde (10 m, Germany) |
0.1 mm |
| Guipavas (99 m, France) |
0.8 mm |
| Warcop Range (227 m, UK) |
0.8 mm |
| Buldyri (80 m, Russia) |
2.3 mm |
| Burdur (967 m, Turkey) |
0.8 mm |
| Buresjon (393 m, Sweden) |
1.9 mm |
| Burgos / Villafria (890 m, Spain) |
0.4 mm |
| Byglandsfjord/Solbakk (211 m, Norway) |
1.0 mm |
| Cabauw (2 m, Netherlands) |
0.2 mm |
| Caen (67 m, France) |
0.2 mm |
| Cagliari Elmas Airport (5 m, Italy) |
2.6 mm |
| Camborne (88 m, UK) |
1.2 mm |
| Machrihanish (10 m, UK) |
3.8 mm |
| Campobasso (793 m, Italy) |
0.4 mm |
| Capo Carbonara (118 m, Italy) |
1.6 mm |
| Capo Spartivento (119 m, Italy) |
28.0 mm |
| Aberporth (134 m, UK) |
1.4 mm |
| Carlisle (27 m, UK) |
2.2 mm |
| Cazaux (24 m, France) |
0.2 mm |
| Sanctuary of Gibilmanna (999 m, Italy) |
1.6 mm |
| Ceuta (5 m, Spain) |
1.2 mm |
| Châlons Vatry Airport (167 m, France) |
0.2 mm |
| Kharkiv (155 m, Ukraine) |
4.8 mm |
| Cherbourg - Maupertus Airport (138 m, France) |
0.2 mm |
| Hawarden (9 m, UK) |
0.4 mm |
| Kholm (71 m, Russia) |
8.0 mm |
| Cieza (265 m, Spain) |
0.1 mm |
| Claremorris (71 m, Ireland) |
2.7 mm |
| Col Des Mosses (1412 m, Switzerland) |
0.4 mm |
| Rhyl (77 m, UK) |
1.0 mm |
| Lough Fea (225 m, UK) |
2.2 mm |
| Cork Airport (162 m, Ireland) |
2.3 mm |
| Piz Corvatsch (3299 m, Switzerland) |
1.0 mm |
| Craiova (195 m, Romania) |
0.4 mm |
| Creil (88 m, France) |
0.2 mm |
| Cuovdatmakki (286 m, Norway) |
2.2 mm |
| Daglosen (133 m, Sweden) |
1.3 mm |
| Dalaman (5 m, Turkey) |
2.0 mm |
| Plymouth MtBatten (50 m, UK) |
0.2 mm |
| Decimomannu (28 m, Italy) |
1.4 mm |
| Delsbo (72 m, Sweden) |
0.1 mm |
| Demyansk (62 m, Russia) |
7.3 mm |
| Deva (241 m, Romania) |
1.4 mm |
| Dieppe (38 m, France) |
0.2 mm |
| Dno (65 m, Russia) |
4.1 mm |
| Dombås (638 m, Norway) |
1.6 mm |
| Dyranut Automated (1250 m, Norway) |
6.2 mm |
| Eibergen (29 m, Netherlands) |
0.1 mm |
| Eik Hove (66 m, Norway) |
13.0 mm |
| Elbasan (135 m, Albania) |
1.0 mm |
| Elbląg (43 m, Poland) |
0.5 mm |
| Kinloss (5 m, UK) |
4.6 mm |
| Emden Airport (1 m, Germany) |
0.2 mm |
| Emley Moor transmitting station (207 m, UK) |
0.4 mm |
| Enköping (26 m, Sweden) |
2.6 mm |
| Enna (965 m, Italy) |
12.0 mm |
| Enontekio Nakkala (377 m, Finland) |
8.0 mm |
| Eskdalemuir (236 m, UK) |
14.0 mm |
| Eskilstuna (12 m, Sweden) |
0.1 mm |
| Estepona (15 m, Spain) |
0.6 mm |
| Evanger (17 m, Norway) |
56.6 mm |
| Liscombe (347 m, UK) |
0.6 mm |
| Fagerholm (5 m, Finland) |
1.0 mm |
| Falsterbo (5 m, Sweden) |
0.3 mm |
| Tórshavn (61 m, Denmark) |
24.3 mm |
| Farosund-Ar (13 m, Sweden) |
0.6 mm |
| Lista Lighthouse (14 m, Norway) |
3.3 mm |
| Fåvang (200 m, Norway) |
2.0 mm |
| Fey (728 m, Switzerland) |
1.3 mm |
| Filefjell (955 m, Norway) |
20.1 mm |
| Film (35 m, Sweden) |
1.3 mm |
| Finisterre (230 m, Spain) |
0.6 mm |
| Finse (1208 m, Norway) |
28.1 mm |
| Barth (3 m, Germany) |
0.2 mm |
| Fister_sigmundstad (25 m, Norway) |
46.2 mm |
| Fjaerland Bremuseet (3 m, Norway) |
78.0 mm |
| Flakkebjerg (34 m, Denmark) |
0.3 mm |
| Flisa Ii (186 m, Norway) |
0.2 mm |
| Fokstua Ii (974 m, Norway) |
1.1 mm |
| Föllinge (362 m, Sweden) |
0.1 mm |
| Fossmark (10 m, Norway) |
86.2 mm |
| Fredrika (327 m, Sweden) |
1.1 mm |
| Fuengirola (12 m, Spain) |
3.0 mm |
| Furuneset (7 m, Norway) |
41.9 mm |
| Gäddede (555 m, Sweden) |
10.6 mm |
| Gagarin (194 m, Russia) |
7.5 mm |
| Charterhall (111 m, UK) |
0.6 mm |
| Gällivare (360 m, Sweden) |
4.0 mm |
| Gap Meydan (822 m, Turkey) |
0.2 mm |
| Oslo Airport (208 m, Norway) |
0.5 mm |
| Gardsjo (212 m, Sweden) |
0.4 mm |
| Gartland (95 m, Norway) |
27.0 mm |
| Gdov (40 m, Russia) |
8.0 mm |
| Gedser Odde (5 m, Denmark) |
0.2 mm |
| Geilo-oldebraten (773 m, Norway) |
3.5 mm |
| Gela (65 m, Italy) |
14.6 mm |
| Gibraltar (5 m, Gibraltar) |
0.6 mm |
| Giresun (37 m, Turkey) |
0.8 mm |
| Gjerstad (32 m, Norway) |
0.5 mm |
| Gniben Point (16 m, Denmark) |
0.4 mm |
| Göschenen (1099 m, Switzerland) |
0.3 mm |
| Gotska Sandön (17 m, Sweden) |
2.5 mm |
| Grazzanise (10 m, Italy) |
0.2 mm |
| Grono (324 m, Switzerland) |
0.2 mm |
| Grotli Iii (872 m, Norway) |
22.3 mm |
| Güeñes (208 m, Spain) |
0.1 mm |
| Guernsey Airport (101 m, UK) |
0.2 mm |
| Gulsvik (160 m, Norway) |
0.3 mm |
| Gurteen (76 m, Ireland) |
1.3 mm |
| Gvarv (93 m, Norway) |
0.2 mm |
| Hagshult (169 m, Sweden) |
0.4 mm |
| Hailuoto (7 m, Finland) |
2.8 mm |
| Hakadal (170 m, Norway) |
0.1 mm |
| Hallhaxasen (376 m, Sweden) |
1.2 mm |
| Hallum (71 m, Sweden) |
0.2 mm |
| Hammerfest (81 m, Norway) |
6.2 mm |
| Hammerodde/Bornholm (11 m, Denmark) |
0.1 mm |
| Hanko Tvarminne (3 m, Finland) |
2.1 mm |
| Haparanda (15 m, Sweden) |
5.2 mm |
| Harsfjarden (3 m, Sweden) |
1.0 mm |
| Harstad (45 m, Norway) |
8.2 mm |
| Hästveda (104 m, Sweden) |
0.4 mm |
| Hattula (87 m, Finland) |
0.8 mm |
| Haukelisaeter Broyt (990 m, Norway) |
27.7 mm |
| Heinola (100 m, Finland) |
0.9 mm |
| Hel (3 m, Poland) |
0.1 mm |
| Helgoland/Düne (4 m, Germany) |
0.6 mm |
| Helsingborg (44 m, Sweden) |
0.1 mm |
| Helsinki Kumpula (28 m, Finland) |
2.0 mm |
| Hemling (183 m, Sweden) |
1.0 mm |
| Sibiu (444 m, Romania) |
1.5 mm |
| Hitra (13 m, Norway) |
14.1 mm |
| Hjartasen (251 m, Norway) |
42.0 mm |
| Hjerkinn (1012 m, Norway) |
2.9 mm |
| Holmöarna (7 m, Sweden) |
2.0 mm |
| Valley (10 m, UK) |
2.0 mm |
| Hønefoss (140 m, Norway) |
0.3 mm |
| Hopen (10 m, Norway) |
8.0 mm |
| Hörby (114 m, Sweden) |
0.2 mm |
| Horsens (24 m, Denmark) |
0.4 mm |
| Hovden-lundane (836 m, Norway) |
7.0 mm |
| Hoydalsmo Ii (562 m, Norway) |
0.2 mm |
| Hunge (343 m, Sweden) |
0.3 mm |
| Hynnekleiv (162 m, Norway) |
1.0 mm |
| Ibiza/Es Codola (17 m, Spain) |
0.5 mm |
| Groix (54 m, France) |
0.2 mm |
| Ilomantsi Mekrijarvi (157 m, Finland) |
1.8 mm |
| Ilomantsi Pötsönvaara (236 m, Finland) |
4.2 mm |
| Inari Kirakkajarvi (106 m, Finland) |
1.7 mm |
| Saariselkä (320 m, Finland) |
1.9 mm |
| Isenvad (62 m, Denmark) |
0.6 mm |
| Isle of Portland (52 m, UK) |
0.6 mm |
| Isparta (997 m, Turkey) |
0.2 mm |
| Ivano-Frankivsk (280 m, Ukraine) |
0.1 mm |
| Halli Airport (144 m, Finland) |
1.0 mm |
| Jan Mayen (9 m, Norway) |
2.1 mm |
| Jarnasklubb (7 m, Sweden) |
0.9 mm |
| Yefremov (215 m, Russia) |
7.5 mm |
| Jersey Airport (84 m, UK) |
0.8 mm |
| Joensuu (119 m, Finland) |
3.2 mm |
| Jõgeva (71 m, Estonia) |
6.9 mm |
| Johnstown Castle (53 m, Ireland) |
2.5 mm |
| Jõhvi (75 m, Estonia) |
1.7 mm |
| Jokioinen (103 m, Finland) |
2.0 mm |
| Jokkmokk (275 m, Sweden) |
2.1 mm |
| Jomala (14 m, Finland) |
2.0 mm |
| Juuka (116 m, Finland) |
2.7 mm |
| Jyväskylä (145 m, Finland) |
2.1 mm |
| Kaamanen (156 m, Finland) |
1.9 mm |
| Kaliningrad (21 m, Russia) |
1.8 mm |
| Kandalaksha (25 m, Russia) |
1.9 mm |
| Kankaanpää (122 m, Finland) |
1.0 mm |
| Karasjok (129 m, Norway) |
2.0 mm |
| Karlsborg Air Base (94 m, Sweden) |
0.2 mm |
| Karlskrona (4 m, Sweden) |
0.1 mm |
| Karvia (150 m, Finland) |
0.1 mm |
| Kashin (138 m, Russia) |
4.0 mm |
| Kashira (221 m, Russia) |
5.0 mm |
| Kashkarantsy (4 m, Russia) |
0.9 mm |
| Kaskinen (5 m, Finland) |
1.2 mm |
| Katterjåkk (516 m, Sweden) |
6.2 mm |
| Kauhava (44 m, Finland) |
2.3 mm |
| Kegnæs (19 m, Denmark) |
0.3 mm |
| Bingley (262 m, UK) |
1.0 mm |
| Kemijärvi Airport (208 m, Finland) |
6.7 mm |
| Kerch (49 m, Ukraine) |
0.5 mm |
| Keswick (81 m, UK) |
4.2 mm |
| Kętrzyn (110 m, Poland) |
0.1 mm |
| Kettstaka (225 m, Sweden) |
0.1 mm |
| Kevo (101 m, Finland) |
2.4 mm |
| Kihnu (4 m, Estonia) |
2.9 mm |
| Kiikala Airport (121 m, Finland) |
1.0 mm |
| Kimito (13 m, Finland) |
2.0 mm |
| Kingisepp (19 m, Russia) |
5.6 mm |
| Kirishi (26 m, Russia) |
3.9 mm |
| Dundrennan (113 m, UK) |
3.8 mm |
| Sodankyla Vuotso (247 m, Finland) |
5.1 mm |
| Aalestrup (33 m, Denmark) |
0.8 mm |
| Abbeville (77 m, France) |
0.4 mm |
| Abed (9 m, Denmark) |
0.1 mm |
| Aberdaron (94 m, UK) |
2.8 mm |
| Aberdeen Airport (69 m, UK) |
1.0 mm |
| Åfjord (20 m, Norway) |
12.1 mm |
| Ähtäri (161 m, Finland) |
1.0 mm |
| Alajärvi (170 m, Finland) |
4.2 mm |
| Albemarle (146 m, UK) |
1.0 mm |
| Belfast Intl. Airport (68 m, UK) |
2.0 mm |
| Alfabia Mtn Range (1015 m, Spain) |
4.0 mm |
| Alghero (40 m, Italy) |
10.0 mm |
| Algiers/Dar-el-Beida AP (29 m, Algeria) |
44.0 mm |
| Alicante (82 m, Spain) |
0.6 mm |
| Altnaharra (80 m, UK) |
7.6 mm |
| Älvsbyn (43 m, Sweden) |
0.9 mm |
| Amsterdam-Schiphol (Netherlands) |
0.3 mm |
| Middle Wallop (91 m, UK) |
0.2 mm |
| Andøya (13 m, Norway) |
23.4 mm |
| Angeli (285 m, Finland) |
2.6 mm |
| Angers (50 m, France) |
0.4 mm |
| Angra do Heroísmo (76 m, Portugal) |
9.3 mm |
| Anjala (33 m, Finland) |
2.7 mm |
| Uelen (3 m, Russian Feder.) |
2.2 mm |
| Aultbea (10 m, UK) |
28.0 mm |
| Ullared (122 m, Sweden) |
5.6 mm |
| Ullensvang Forsoks. (12 m, Norway) |
62.2 mm |
| Uman (216 m, Ukraine) |
1.0 mm |
| Uppsala University (13 m, Sweden) |
2.2 mm |
| Uppsala (21 m, Sweden) |
3.7 mm |
| Upsanger Lake (32 m, Norway) |
19.6 mm |
| Uşak Airport (874 m, Turkey) |
0.8 mm |
| Ustia (40 m, North Macedonia) |
0.3 mm |
| Ustica (251 m, Italy) |
1.6 mm |
| Ustka (11 m, Poland) |
0.9 mm |
| Utö (7 m, Finland) |
1.0 mm |
| Utsira (56 m, Norway) |
4.5 mm |
| Vaagsli (822 m, Norway) |
11.0 mm |
| Vaala Pelso (115 m, Finland) |
2.0 mm |
| Vaasa Klemettila (7 m, Finland) |
1.9 mm |
| Väike-Maarja Parish (123 m, Estonia) |
1.9 mm |
| Vajda-guba (8 m, Russia) |
0.9 mm |
| Våland (72 m, Norway) |
10.6 mm |
| Valentia (24 m, Ireland) |
4.9 mm |
| Valga (66 m, Estonia) |
2.6 mm |
| Valle (302 m, Norway) |
1.1 mm |
| Valtimo (115 m, Finland) |
2.2 mm |
| Vangsnes (51 m, Norway) |
45.0 mm |
| Vanhakaupunki (25 m, Finland) |
0.8 mm |
| Vankarem (5 m, Russian Feder.) |
0.4 mm |
| Helsinki Airport (56 m, Finland) |
1.0 mm |
| Vardø (15 m, Norway) |
3.0 mm |
| Varkaus (83 m, Finland) |
2.4 mm |
| Växjö (200 m, Sweden) |
0.3 mm |
| Vega-Vallsjo (9 m, Norway) |
24.8 mm |
| Venabu (940 m, Norway) |
0.1 mm |
| Vesanto (127 m, Finland) |
5.7 mm |
| Vest-torpa Ii (542 m, Norway) |
0.3 mm |
| Vicosoprano (1089 m, Switzerland) |
0.1 mm |
| Vidsel (182 m, Sweden) |
3.7 mm |
| Vierema Kaarakkala (207 m, Finland) |
3.5 mm |
| Vieste (5 m, Italy) |
0.2 mm |
| Viitasaari (132 m, Finland) |
2.3 mm |
| Vilhelmina (349 m, Sweden) |
1.0 mm |
| Viljandi (87 m, Estonia) |
7.2 mm |
| Vilsandi (7 m, Estonia) |
2.6 mm |
| Vinga Lighthouse (19 m, Sweden) |
0.1 mm |
| Vinnitsy-Kalekhovskaya (111 m, Russia) |
8.2 mm |
| Virolahti (6 m, Finland) |
2.7 mm |
| Virtsu (3 m, Estonia) |
3.0 mm |
| Visby (47 m, Sweden) |
0.3 mm |
| Võru (83 m, Estonia) |
4.0 mm |
| Voss (122 m, Norway) |
60.5 mm |
| Vossevangen (55 m, Norway) |
50.6 mm |
| Valaam (16 m, Russia) |
1.2 mm |
| Valuyki (112 m, Russia) |
5.6 mm |
| Velikiye Luki (106 m, Russia) |
3.1 mm |
| Velizh (166 m, Russia) |
6.0 mm |
| St Bees Head (123 m, UK) |
6.2 mm |
| Wick (39 m, UK) |
3.4 mm |
| Wieluń (201 m, Poland) |
0.1 mm |
| Vyazma (251 m, Russia) |
5.1 mm |
| Vyborg (13 m, Russia) |
1.9 mm |
| Xàbia (15 m, Spain) |
10.0 mm |
| YamskayaSloboda (63 m, Russia) |
7.0 mm |
| Yefimovsky (176 m, Russia) |
7.6 mm |
| Ylinenjarvi (132 m, Sweden) |
6.1 mm |
| Ylistaro (26 m, Finland) |
1.7 mm |
| Ylivieska Airport (76 m, Finland) |
2.4 mm |
| ZavodskiyKhutor (201 m, Russia) |
5.7 mm |
| Zhukovka (177 m, Russia) |
6.8 mm |
| Zumarraga (420 m, Spain) |
0.1 mm |
| Kirkwall Airport (21 m, UK) |
15.8 mm |
| Kittilä (181 m, Finland) |
10.0 mm |
| Kittila Kenttarova (349 m, Finland) |
9.1 mm |
| Kittila Pokka (272 m, Finland) |
9.0 mm |
| Kjobli I Snasa (195 m, Norway) |
11.4 mm |
| Klaipėda (7 m, Lithuania) |
2.2 mm |
| Kleine-Brogel (64 m, Belgium) |
0.1 mm |
| Klevavatnet (960 m, Norway) |
47.0 mm |
| Klin (167 m, Russia) |
6.3 mm |
| Kłodzko (357 m, Poland) |
0.1 mm |
| Kloten (284 m, Sweden) |
1.4 mm |
| Klövsjö (803 m, Sweden) |
0.1 mm |
| Kokemäki (39 m, Finland) |
2.0 mm |
| Kolezhma (3 m, Russia) |
5.0 mm |
| Kołobrzeg (5 m, Poland) |
0.3 mm |
| Kondopoga (38 m, Russia) |
3.8 mm |
| Kongsberg (193 m, Norway) |
0.4 mm |
| Konotop (149 m, Ukraine) |
3.6 mm |
| Korçë (870 m, Albania) |
7.0 mm |
| Korsvattnet (717 m, Sweden) |
19.2 mm |
| Kosharovo (169 m, Russia) |
5.4 mm |
| Kosta (230 m, Sweden) |
0.3 mm |
| Koszalin (34 m, Poland) |
0.8 mm |
| Kotsoy (127 m, Norway) |
3.4 mm |
North - South